31 Personal (Banal) Things About Me

31 Personal (Banal) Things About Me Each year time betrays me, and I get older one more year. This year is no exception. Last year, as the sun set on my roller-coaster twenties, I turned 30 and shared 30 life lessons. Its been a year, and today (June 29, 2012) I turned 31. Dont worry, you neednt buy a gift for me. I am inherently suspicious of lists  because  theyre often vapid, overdone, and, honestly, not very well written (e.g., Six Ways to Get Six-Pack Abs in Six Days!, Eleven Bloggers Reveal Eleven Sure-fire Hacks to Create a Successful Life-Hacking Blog, etc.). Furthermore, I dont enjoy wedging trivial details about my personal life into essays unless those details serve the greater good. But alas, a handful of people are curious, so heres my attempt at a list. Perhaps theres beauty beneath the banality. Perhaps not. 1. I believe the meaning of life is growth and contribution. If whatever Im doing doesnt serve oneâ€"or bothâ€"of these things, then its a waste of time. Each year I grow; the more I grow, the more I have to give. 2. Yes, Joshua Fields Millburn is my real name, not a pen name. Fields  is a family name. I generally introduce myself as Joshua, but a bunch of people call me Josh. Fine by me. Seriously, I want you to feel comfortable, so call me whatever you wantâ€"Joshua, Josh, Millie, JFMâ€"just dont call me collect. 3. I was born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1981. 4. Im 62, 165-ish lbs. (though I used to weigh 230â€"240 lbs. at my corpulent zenith). 5. Ive never lived anywhere but Ohio. (Update: That is, until I moved to Montana in the fall of 2012.) 6. I dont desire to be a nomad or a peripatetic writer, but Ive traveled more in the last year than all 30 previous years combined, embarking on several international tours  and speaking  at all kinds of universities, conferences, and organizations. 7. I grew up in a fairly dysfunctional household (before it was cool to be dysfunctional). 8. The chapter  Falling While Sitting Down  in my novel,  As a Decade Fades, is  based on my tumultuous childhood and is about 90% autobiographical. 9. I graduated high school half a year early to attend audio engineering school (way back in the 90s when we still recorded on reel-to-reel tape). I learned to record everything from bluegrass and jazz to death metal and hip-hop. 10. I moved out on my own on my eighteenth birthday and got a sales job once I discovered I couldnt make much money as a recording studio engineer. 11. Although I grew up Catholic, Im not particularly religious. If anything, Id say Im open to religion. One of my closest friendsâ€"Adam, the guy who takes most of the photos for this siteâ€"is a Harvard-educated pastor. Other friends are atheists. For me, religion is abstract and abstruse. All I know is that I dont know it all. 12. I dont have a college degree. 13. When I was 22,  I started taking a few college classes at night in hopes of one dayâ€"sometime in the distant futureâ€"becoming an English teacher. But then the corporate ladder got in the way. 14. Now it is the distant future, and with my online writing class, Im the only teacher I know without a college degree. 15. I wasted my twenties climbing the corporate ladder, working 70â€"80 hours a week, 362 days per year, attaining impressive titles like Store Manager and Regional Manager and Director of Operations, none of which made me feel fulfilled. 16. Instead of fully pursuing my dream at 22, I bought a too-big house and a luxury car and started racking up debt. 17. It took getting everything I ever wanted to realize I didnt want everything I ever wanted. 18. I eventually led a large group of peopleâ€"as many as 100 employees in sixteen locationsâ€"where I learned that I enjoy helping people grow. 19. Over the years, Ive interviewed well over 1,000 people, hired over 200, and fired/laid-off nearly 100â€"the latter of which never gets easier with time. Im glad I dont have to do that anymore. 20. I was married to a wonderful woman for more than six years, though we grew in different directions and eventually parted ways shortly after my mother died in 2009. Were still close: relationships can change over time. 21. I didnt start reading books until I was 21. Once I discovered literary fiction, I was hooked. I didnt know how, but I knew I wanted to be a part of it. 22. I didnt start writing until I was 22. 23. I wasnt serious about writing until I was 28. Sure, I had a few failed attempts at writing a novel, but I didnt seriously pursue writing until a few years ago. 24. I have an inch-thick stack of discouraging rejection letters from agents and publishers from my twenties. 25. Since receiving those letters, Ive published four bestselling books. Hell, I might collect all those letters one day and publish them as a book. I could call it Dear Author: Rejection Letters to a Bestselling Writer. 26. I left my corporate job a few months before I turned 30 so I could pursue my dream. When I left the corporate world, I didnt expect our audience to grow as much as it did. But Im incredibly thankful it did, and Im thankful you read our words. Your support means the world to me. Thank you for giving me a purpose. 27. When I started this site eighteen months ago, I didnt know what a blog was. (Seriously!) But I needed an outlet to share my writing and my experiences with other people. So I asked Ryan if hed be willing to share his experiencesâ€"and my experiencesâ€"with the world. He said yes, we created The Minimalists, and then started publishing essaysâ€"which we soon realized were called blog posts. We stuck with calling them essays, though, because we believed it better categorized what we were writing. The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, to try or to attempt, and we were writing about the changes we were attempting to make in our lives. 28. Ive known Ryan over 20 yearsâ€"since we were fat little fifth graders. 29. I currently own one pair of blue jeans, and I wear them (almost) every day. 30. I learned how utterly uninteresting I am while writing this list. 31. I dont dance: I just pull up my pants and lean back. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Essay Music Influence on the Civil Rights Movement

Outline for U.S. History A. Worrall Mrs. Stepp 3rd Period 12/11/13 Question: How did music influence/effect the Civil Rights Movement? i. During the Civil Rights era, African Americans changed the way people looked at music by ending the segregation in the music world and by making a well-known â€Å"soundtrack† and influence during the Civil Rights Movement. ii. Topic Sentence: While music was an impact on the Civil Rights Movement, Motown Records is what gave Blacks the confidence to succeed in the only voice they had. a. Motown Records was founded in 1959 by Berry Gordy who turned his music production company into history’s most successful black-owned record label company. i. Black people were disenfranchised and to make it in†¦show more content†¦It ended up with mix-colored concerts instead of segregated ones by reigning in a White fan base. iii. Through all of the Civil Rights era, music of all kinds was used to spread the message of peace, love, and equality. Many singers played a key role during the movement by sending the messages to listeners and being an icon to many African Americans. a. Jazz, folk, RB, spiritual, reggae and gospel were big genres during the Civil Rights Movement and the singers that came with them proved to be a big impact on the movement i. Joan Baez was a white singer that sang â€Å"oh freedom†. She ended up singing it at Martin Luther King Jr.’s ‘I have a Dream’ speech. In the meaningful slow song Joan Baez expressed her wanting for equality and freedom. ii. Sam Cooke was an African American singer that became the voice of the Civil Rights Movement. Sam took the spirit of the Black church into popular music. He became the first African American artist to reach #1 on both RB and pop charts. His music was risky, but he won over white listeners and kept is church followers intact. iii. Marian Anderson is a highly celebrated singer that participated in singing at the March on Washington. It’s argued that her Easter concert in 1939 sparked the start of the civil rights movement. b. When people look at the civil rights movement, theyShow MoreRelatedThe Power And Influence Of Gospel Music On The American Civil Rights Movement1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power and Influence of Gospel Music on the American Civil Rights Movement For centuries, Gospel music has influenced and promoted African-American social, moral and ethical values, playing an imperative role in modelling their past and future. Originating from the hardships of slavery and the strength of Christian worship, Gospel music has adapted to musical tastes through the development of a number of sub-genres, while retaining its moral and spiritual framework. Throughout its musical historyRead MoreThe Impacts Of Bob Dylan And The Civil Rights Movement939 Words   |  4 Pages1960s were a time of great protest, public opinion, freedom for music, invention, and racism. In America in 1960 the Civil Rights Movement was underway and the Vietnam War had already been going on for 5 years, where approximately 900 American troops were already serving. The 1960s produced some of the greatest musical artists seen in history, and one in particular was Bob Dylan. Bob Dylan is thought to be one of the greatest influence on popular culture in all time, and is one of the main and influentialRead MoreA Response to â€Å"Hip Hop: a Roadblock or Pathway to Black Empowerment†1110 Words   |  5 PagesHip Hop: A Roadblock or Pathway to Black Empowerment illustrates the influence hip hop and rap music has had on not only the music industry but mainstream culture, African Americans to be specific. Geoffrey Bennett, a senior English Major from Voorhees, New Jersey goes over many aspects of how hip hop came to be â€Å"the forefront of American attention.† He starts from its early history in the 1980s as an African American exclusive music genre to what is now a worldwide phenomenon. He reviews the affectRead MoreLouis Armstrong : The Father Of Jazz And The Starter Of A Whole New Way921 Words   |  4 Pagesjazz music he created. Louis Armstrong expressed black culture through his music and did not make it for people to enjoy, instead he made it because he loved it and felt that it was important to him. He said that the pleasure he got from it was his inspiration for life . He was often considered a â€Å"traitor of his art† by both blacks and whites for the way he revolutionized Jazz by incorporating things into his music that was unheard of, such as scat . 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A final topic was women’s suffrage. A famous group of protest singers was the Hutchinson Family Singers. Their notoriety, which spanned the mid-19th century, began in 1839. Their songs about abolition wereRead MoreDon t Criticize What You Can t Understand1084 Words   |  5 Pages† said Bob Dylan, one of the most influential figures in folk music and music culture. As a protest singer growing up in a racially tense time affected by the Vietnam War, he was heavily influenced by his background and the social issues of his time. He rose to prominence from â€Å"Blowin’ in the Wind† (which became an enduring anthem) and many other songs that influenced the young generation of the 1960s. Bob Dylan’s interest for music started from a young age. Born on May 24, 1941 as Robert AllenRead MoreMusic Is An Art, Music, And Music1494 Words   |  6 PagesMusic is an art, music is entertainment, and music is good for the soul. Stevie Wonder said â€Å"Music is a world within itself, it is a language we all understand.† Music can change our moods, bring up emotions, and trigger memories. Although, the changes in rock roll throughout the last sixty years have been significant, the way music makes us feel continues to be the same. Periodically throughout the history of music, there are special artists/bands that come along at the perfect time with the perfectRead MoreThe Impact of Rock n Roll on the Civil Rights Movement1590 Words   |  7 Pagesand the civil rights movement started at the same time. The genre originated from African American music and was greatly discriminated against. Traditional white Americans would target anything bad about it. But as the teenager demographic of the 1950s started increasing the sales of the music, the genre started gaining more popularity. It was the style of Elvis Presley and his new voice that made girls weak in the knees and boys want to be him. Artists such as Presley had enough influence to changeRead More Pop Culture in 1960s and 1990s Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesBoth the sixties and the nineties were about youth, creativity, free-thinking, and expression. With the nineties coming to a close and the popularity of anything ?retro, I decided to compare the fashions, people, music, and issues that defined pop culture in the 1960?s and its influen ce on pop culture in the 1990?s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1960?s, society was changing by the minute and fashion was ?anything goes?. In the early sixties, Jackie Kennedy influenced fashion with her elegant, stylish outfits and

Machiavellian Leadership The Prince - 1285 Words

Machiavellian Leadership: Are These Principles Morally Correct to Use Today? For centuries, the political principles brought forth through Nicolà ² Machiavelli in his writing, The Prince, have been quite controversial both on the political forefront and the mainstream of leadership training. Though most people do not know that they are fighting battles over the principles brought about in the writing of Machiavelli. The Prince was written in the years following Machiavelli’s time in the political scene, as secretary of the seigneur, during the republican regime. Since the time these principles were published, the public has gone through different periods of seeing these principles to be either very distasteful or very agreeable. The†¦show more content†¦Charles D. Tarlton, in a journal article of Philosophy, claims The Prince fully embodies a political sense of amorality. In a different sense, William Wittels writes that Machiavelli’s suggests a flexible moral nature as a foolproof way for the prince to ensure himself position himself above the people. Notwithstanding, John McCormick refers to Machiavelli’s perspective as both amoral and cynical. If all of this is true, how can Dr. Wilkinson so fervently agree with the Machiavellian way of leadership? While admitting that the ways in The Prince are negative, brutal, and even unethical, Dr. Wilkinson still believes there to be good teaching in Machiavelli’s ideologies. She outlines the benefits she views can be pulled from this reading as: the founding of loyalty and cooperation, the formation of an organization, and an outline of personal characteristics useful to an effectual administrator. In agreement with Wilkinson, Nathan Tarcov suggests that, in The Prince, Machiavelli advocates that the later benefits of the suggested negative actions to outweigh or even eradicate the earlier injuries. Novelist Thomas Block goes even further by claiming Machiavelli had a great influence, both directly and indirectly, to many different prominent and reputable Americans such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Block goes on to name other, less favorable, global leaders that have also considered Machiavelli an influence on the conduct of theirShow MoreRelatedThe Political Philosophy Of Niccolo Machiavelli And Socrates1444 Words   |  6 Pagestransition and war, the fragility of their politics, violence of their wars, and the leaders they lived under influenced the development of their differing ideologies about the governing of principalities. From Machiavelli’s experience, came, â€Å"The Prince,† a guidebook about the importance of self-preservation when leading a principality that was gifted to then- governor of Florence Lorenzo de’Medici. The primary ideas shared, rely on committing acts of evil if they are justified with reasoning. 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Ali highlights the impact of The Prince, its realist ideals, and how they have affected the world’s most powerful institutions. While Ali agrees with many of the underlying principles of Machiavelli, he rebuts specific notions more than once. For example, Ali questionsRead MoreVladimir Putin and Machiavellis The Prince2685 Words   |  11 PagesVladimir Putin’s political le adership style and goals are remarkably similar to the principles outlined in Niccolà ² Machiavelli’s famous advisory book for rulers The Prince. Despite the fact that The Prince was first published in 1532 it is still relevant today, especially in analyzing the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia. Putin’s leadership style and actions make him a modern day Machiavellian prince. Many of the actions and polices taken by Putin are distinctly Machiavellian in nature. Putin’s foreignRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1314 Words   |  6 PagesMACHIAVELLI’S LIVED WORLD: SETTING CONTEXT Niccolà ² Machiavelli’s The Prince was written in a time of political and civil unrest in Italy. For decades the city-state of Florence suffered several political uprisings and the establishment of new governments. From tyrannical rule to the creation of a democratic republic, and finally the re-establishment of the Medici family, The Prince comes from Machiavelli’s lived experiences in these political regimes. Machiavelli blames the division of Italy intoRead MoreThe Ideas Of Machiavelli And Socrates1988 Words   |  8 Pageshave influenced the leadership styles and approaches of leaders around the world. From Stalin to the founding fathers of the United States, Machiavellian influenced motives and ideals can be seen throughout modern history. Socrates is often referred to as the founder of Western philosophy, and his teachings have been passed on to leaders over the centuries. This paper will state both the Machiavelli’s concept of a ‘Prince’, a nd present Socrates’ perspective on the ‘ideal’ prince. It will then evaluateRead MoreGeorge W. Bush s President Of Texas1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthe attacks, he declared a global â€Å"war on terrorism†, which resulted in the formation of the Department of Homeland Security and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The Prince, a book written by Niccolo Machiavelli, was seen as a text about its coherent perspectives and noble concepts of Leadership. There is a term called â€Å"Machiavellian†. This term refers to â€Å"the belief that a ruler is justified in using any means necessary to stay in power†. Many people can point out many corrupt scandalous government

Sgbrsgsr Free Essays

While elaborating the ideas provided in the chapter, the students may need to be familiarizes with a few fundamental concepts such as Gross Domestic Product, Employment etc. Since the students may find this difficult to understand, it is necessary to explain to them through examples. Several activities and exercises are suggested in the chapter to help the students understand how a person’s activity could be placed -? whether in the primary, secondary or tertiary, organized or unrealized, and public or private sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Sgbrsgsr or any similar topic only for you Order Now You may encourage the students to talk to various working people around them (such as hop owners, casual workers, vegetable vendors, workshop mechanics, domestic workers etc. ) to know more about how they live and work. Based on such information, the students can be encouraged to develop their own classification of economic activities. Another important issue to be highlighted is about the problems caused by the changes in the roles of sectors. The chapter has taken the example of unemployment and what the government can do to solve it. The declining importance 18 of agriculture and growing importance of industry and services should be related to the experience of the children by taking ore examples that they may observe in their day-to-day life. Information derived from the media could be used for this purpose. You may encourage the students to bring important cuttings and stories from newspapers, which could be prominently displayed in storyboards, and encourage the class to discuss these issues. While discussing the unrealized sector, the key issue of protecting the workers engaged in the sector should be highlighted. You may also encourage the students to visit persons and enterprises in the unrealized sector and get a first hand experience from real life situation. Sources for Information The GAP data used in this chapter pertaining to Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost by Industry of Origin at 1993-94 prices is taken from Economic Survey. It is a valuable source of GAP and other information relating to the Indian economy. For evaluation purposes, particularly to develop the analytical ability of learners, teachers can refer to Economic Survey to get data for different years. You will find that people are engaged in various economic activities. Some of these are activities producing goods. Some others are producing services. These activities are happening around us every minute even as we speak. How do we understand these activities? One way of doing this is to group them (classify them) using some important criterion. These groups are also called sectors. There could be several ways of classification depending on the purpose and what one thinks is an important criterion. At different We begin by looking ties. Mind of economic active Primary (Agriculture) Sector produces natural goods Secondary (Industrial) manufactured 20 There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Take, for example, the cultivation of cotton. It takes place within a crop season. For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly, but not entirely, n natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and climate. The product of this activity, cotton, is a na tural product. Similarly, in the case of an activity like dairy, we are dependent on the biological process of the animals and availability Tertiary (Service) of fodder etc. The product here, milk, also is a natural product. Similarly, minerals and ores are also natural products. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector. Why primary? This is because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. Since most of the natural helps develop products we get are from there sectors agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related sector. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. It is the next step after primary. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made and therefore some process of manufacturing is essential. This could be in a factory, a workshop or at home. For example, using cotton fiber from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make sugar or guru. We convert earth into bricks and use bricks to make houses and buildings. Since this sector gradually became associated with the different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called as industrial sector. After primary and secondary, there is a third category of activities that falls under tertiary sector and is different from the above two. These are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or a support for the production process. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops. At times, it may be necessary to store these in godsons. We also may need to talk to others over telephone or send letters (communication) or borrow money from banks (banking) to help production and trade. Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of tertiary activities. Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also called the service sector. Service sector also includes some essential services that may not directly help in the production of goods. How to cite Sgbrsgsr, Papers

To Kill A Mocking Bird Essay Thesis Example For Students

To Kill A Mocking Bird Essay Thesis In my opinion theme with the most impact in To Kill a Mockingbird isHypocrisy as shown in three main incidents . These are the teachings of Ms Gatesabout the atrocities of Adolf Hitler whilst she hated blacks ; the missionarycircle trying to show how Christian they are while believing that to be abrother of Christ you must be white and finally the hypocrisy of the Americancourt system in the 30s by saying they stand for justice. In Ms Gatesclassroom we read about her teaching her class that the Jews are beingpersecuted against by the Nazis. According to Ms. Gates this is un Christianand she finds these actions despicable. The hypocrisy of this teaching is shownas soon as she mentions the word persecution.This is due to the fact that sheherself is persecuting the black people of Maycomb by not raising an eyebrow tothe killing of an innocent black man. This lady shows her blindness to theracial problems of the Deep South ( where she lives ) but feels a lot of empathyfor the Jews who are being mistreated and slaughtered in Germany ( manythousands of miles away ) . The missionary circles in the 1930s working in thesouth of America show the two faced nature of white citizens several times ineach meeting . One strong example that springs to mind is Mrs Mariweatherspositive comments about a Christian explorer in Africa helping the evil savagessee the light of Jesus Christ whilst on the other hand she condemns Attacus forhelping an innocent Negro . These so called Christian women safely say well doneto a man helping African black people ( who were happy with their lives in thefirst place ) but if anyone should help out a black person anywhere near them itthen becomes Nigger loving and should be condemned by all within thecommunity. We will write a custom essay on To Kill A Mocking Bird Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It creates a double standard by showing that as long as racialproblems do not involve them directly they can be tolerant. The American Courtsof the 1930s were also hypocritical.Truth and Justice were held as the mostbasic right for Americans. Truth in the Tom Robinson case was never a factor. The white jury knew that Bob Ewell had beaten and raped his daughter MayaellaEwell and that Tom was innocent .But because a human being had more colourpigment in their skin it was assumed they would be guilty without question ,sotruth was never a factor .Justice also the pride of the American legal system inthe past ,and now but once again in the Tom Robinson trial ,no matter how muchevidence was presented in favour of Tom to prove his innocence, justice wasntdone because Tom had more pigment in his skin than the jurors thereby he wasassumed to be guilty. In my opinion members of the Maycomb community are tryingto fool themselves into believing that they are model citizens and goodChristians, even though a small number amongst them know that they are wrong topersecute and hate due to colour . Hypocrisy and racism were as much a part ofMaycomb society as church and community spirit.

NDP

NDP Current Events "Ujjal bags free ads"ÂÆ'‚‚  - Vancouver Province 02/18/01, A6 ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ This article talks about the NDP's decision to put a hold on the hunting of grizzly bears in B.C. and possible reasons and consequences for the recent agreement. Reporter Michael Smyth states the possible motives behind Premier Dosanhj's agreement to stop the hunt and how it comes into effect with the NDP's future. Smyth suggests that the agreement is nothing more than free advertisement for the Premier, who is in need of major damage control for his party, in a hope to increase there vote count among environmentalists and citizens for a possible future election. He also suggests the NDP was involved in the creation of a billboard that thanks the Premier since it was created by the same company, Strategic Communications Inc., that was part of last year's leadership campaign. Thi s made Liberal critic Richard Neufeld wondered if it was an NDP attempt for more votes.After the agreement was made the Liberal party stated if they were elected they would immediately restore grizzly-bear hunting in B.C. Environmental and animal-rights groups have then stated that would fight to uphold the agreement and convince the Liberal party to do so. The article then proceeds to give examples of the overwhelming power of persuasion of environmental groups where they forced Ontario's Premier to ban the spring black bear hunt in Ontario.

Definition and Discussion of Philology

Definition and Discussion of Philology Definition Philology is the study of changes over time in a particular language or language family. (A person who conducts such studies is known as a philologist.) Now more commonly known as historical linguistics. In his book Philology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities (2014), James Turner defines the term more broadly as the multifaceted study of texts, languages, and the phenomenon of language itself. See the observations below. EtymologyFrom the Greek, fond of learning or of words Observations Hardly any academic research was taking place into grammar in the early decades of the [twentieth] century in Britain. And the academic work which was being donethe historical study of the language, or philologywas considered to be irrelevant to children whose primary need was literacy. Philology was particularly repugnant to teachers of English literature, who found it a dry and dusty subject.(David Crystal, The Fight for English. Oxford University Press, 2006) When Philology Was King of the Sciences- Philology has fallen on hard times in the English-speaking world (much less so in continental Europe). Many college-educated Americans no longer recognize the word. Those who do often thinks it means no more than scrutiny of ancient Greek or Roman texts by a nit-picking classicist. . . .It used to be chic, dashing, and much ampler in girth. Philology reigned as king of the sciences, the pride of the first great modern universitiesthose that grew up in Germany in the eighteenth and earl ier nineteenth centuries. Philology inspired the most advanced humanistic studies in the United States and the United Kingdom in the decades before 1850 and sent its generative currents through the intellectual life of Europe and America. . . .The word philology in the nineteenth century covered three distinct modes of research: (1) textual philology (including classical and biblical studies, oriental literatures such as those in Sanskrit and Arabic, and medieval and modern European writings); (2) theories of the origin and nature of language; and (3) comparative study of the structure and historical evolution of languages and language families.(James Turner, Philology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities. Princeton University Press, 2014)- What was happening from about 1800 on was the coming of comparative philology, best described as the Darwinian event for the humanities as a whole. Like The Origin of Species, it was powered by wider horizons and new knowledge. By the late 18th century, conscientious British colonial administrators, who had had Latin and Greek drummed into them at school, found that they needed classical Persian, and even Sanskrit, to do their jobs properly. They could not help noticing the similarities between the Eastern languages and their classical counterparts. But what did these mean, and what was the origin, not of species, but of language differentiation?Comparative philology, tracing the history and development of especially the Indo-European languages, rapidly gained immense prestige, most of all in Germany. No discipline, declared Jacob Grimm, doyen of philologists and fairy-tale collector, is haughtier, more disputatious, or more merciless to error. It was a hard science in every sense, like math or physics, with a ruthless ethic of finicky detail.(Top Shippey, For Love of the Word. The Wall Street Journal, July 5-6, 2014) Henry Wyld on Cranks and Quacks (1921)The public is extraordinarily interested in all sorts of questions connected with English Philology; in etymology, in varieties of pronunciation and grammatical usage, in the sources of the Cockney dialect, in vocabulary, in the origin of place and personal names, in the pronunciation of Chaucer and Shakespeare. You may hear these matters discussed in railway carriages and smoking-rooms; you may read long letters about them in the press, adorned sometimes with a display of curious information, collected at random, misunderstood, wrongly interpreted, and used in an absurd way to bolster up preposterous theories. No, the subject-matter of English Philology possesses a strange fascination for the man in the street, but almost everything that he thinks and says about it is incredibly and hopelessly wrong. There is no subject which attracts a larger number of cranks and quacks than English Philology. In no subject, probably, is the knowledge of the e ducated public at a lower ebb. The general ignorance concerning it is so profound that it is very difficult to persuade people that there really is a considerable mass of well-ascertained fact, and a definite body of doctrine on linguistic questions.(Henry Wyld, English Philology in English Universities: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered in the Examination Schools at Oxford University, February 21, 1921) From Philology to LinguisticsIf the nineteenth was the century in which language was discovered, the twentieth is the century in which language was enthroned. The nineteenth century took language apart in several senses: it learned how to look at language as an amalgam of sounds and hence how to study sounds; it came to understand the significance of variety in language; and it established language as a separate study, not part of history or of literature. Philology was called the nourishing parent of other studies at best.It was when the other studies, notably new ones like anthropology, began in their turn to nourish philology that linguistics emerged. The new study became unlike its origins: as the century wore on, linguistics began to put language back together again. It became interested in the way sounds amalgamate to form words and words combine into sentences; it came to understand the universals beyond the apparent variety in language; and it reintegrated language with othe r studies, notably philosophy and psychology.(W.F. Bolton, A Living Language: The History and Structure of English. Random House, 1982) Pronunciation: fi-LOL-eh-gee